How the prefrontal cortex contributes to working memory remains controversial, as theories differ in their emphasis on its role in storing memories versus controlling their content. To adjudicate between these competing ideas, we tested how perturbations to the human (both sexes) lateral prefrontal cortex impact the storage and control aspects of working memory during a task that requires human subjects to allocate resources to memory items based on their behavioral priority. Our computational model made a strong prediction that disruption of this control process would counterintuitively improve memory for low-priority items. Remarkably, transcranial magnetic stimulation of retinotopically-defined superior precentral sulcus, but not intraparietal sulcus, unbalanced the prioritization of resources, improving memory for low-priority items as predicted by the model. Therefore, these results provide direct causal support for models in which the prefrontal cortex controls the allocation of resources that support working memory, rather than simply storing the features of memoranda. <<<

Elisabetta Schiavello, Veronica Biassoni, Giovanna Gattuso, Marta Podda, Stefano Chiaravalli, Francesco Barretta, Manila Antonelli, Loris De Cecco, Emilia Pecori, Lorenza Gandola, Maura Massimino <<<

Introduction: The H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma (DMG) was first included in the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in 2016, and confirmed in its fifth edition. The biological behavior and dismal prognosis of this tumor resemble diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG). Homogeneously-treated series are rarely reported. Methods: From 2016 onwards, we treated patients with DMG with radiotherapy and concomitant/adjuvant nimotuzumab/vinorelbine, plus re-irradiation at relapse, as already done for DIPG. Results: We treated nine patients, seven females, with a median age at diagnosis of 13 years. Tumor sites were: thalamic in five cases, pontocerebellar in two, pineal in one, and paratrigonal with nodular/leptomeningeal dissemination in one. Three patients were biopsied, and six had partial tumor resections. Central pathological review was always performed. The median time to local progression was 12.7 months, and the median overall survival was 17.8 months. Six patients died of tumor progression, one of cerebral bleeding at progression. Two were alive, one in continuous remission, the other after relapsing, at 38.6 and 46.3 months after diagnosis. Progression-free survival was 33.3% at one year. Overall survival was 88.9%, 33.3% and 22.2% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. Conclusions: This is a small series of homogeneously-treated DMG patients. The results obtained are comparable with those of DIPG patients. Given the phenotypically- and molecularly-defined setting of DMG and severe outcome in this orphan population, they should be treated and included in registries and protocols of DIPG. <<<

Sujing Yuan, Renqiang Sun, Hao Shi, Nicole M. Chapman, Haoran Hu, Cliff Guy, Sherri Rankin, Anil KC, Gustavo Palacios, Xiaoxi Meng, Xiang Sun, Peipei Zhou, Xiaoyang Yang, Stephen Gottschalk, Hongbo Chi <<<

Zedao Liu, Zhenlin Yang, Junqi Wu, Wenjie Zhang, Yuxuan Sun, Chao Zhang, Guangyu Bai, Li Yang, Hongtao Fan, Yawen Chen, Lei Zhang, Benyuan Jiang, Xiaoyan Liu, Xiaoshi Ma, Wei Tang, Chang Liu, Yang Qu, Lixu Yan, Deping Zhao, Yilong Wu, Shun He, Long Xu, Lishan Peng, Xiaowei Chen, Bolun Zhou, Liang Zhao, Zhangyi Zhao, Fengwei Tan, Wanting Zhang, Dingcheng Yi, Xiangjie Li, Qianqian Gao, Guangjian Zhang, Yongjie Wang, Minglei Yang, Honghao Fu, Yongjun Guo, Xueda Hu, Qingyuan Cai, Lu Qi, Yufei Bo, Hui Peng, Zhigang Tian, Yunlang She, Chang Zou, Linnan Zhu, Sijin Cheng, Yi Zhang, Wenzhao Zhong, Chang Chen, Shugeng Gao, Zemin Zhang <<<

Anti-PD-(L)1 treatment is standard for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but patients show variable responses to the same regimen. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is associated with immunotherapy response, yet the heterogeneous underlying therapeutic outcomes remain underexplored. We applied single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing (scRNA/TCR-seq) to analyze surgical tumor samples from 234 NSCLC patients post-neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy. Analyses revealed five distinct TIME subtypes with varying major pathological response (MPR) rates. MPR patients had elevated levels of FGFBP2 NK/NK-like T cells, memory B cells, or effector T cells, while non-MPR patients showed higher CCR8 Tregs. T cell clonal expansion analyses unveiled heterogeneity in non-MPR patients, marked by varying expansions of Tex-relevant cells and CCR8 Tregs. Precursor exhausted T cells (Texp cells) correlated with recurrence-free survival, identifying a patient subgroup with reduced recurrence risk despite lack of MPR. Our study dissects TIME heterogeneity in response to chemoimmunotherapy, offering insights for NSCLC management. <<<

Liang Chen, Yuxiao Hu, Ardan M. Saguner, Barbara Bauce, Yaxin Liu, Anteng Shi, Fu Guan, Zhongli Chen, Maria Bueno Marinas, Lingmin Wu, Deborah Foltran, Alexis Hermida, Veronique Fressart, Serena Pinci, Rudy Celeghin, Zixian Chen, Baowei Zhang, Lin Yubi, Xiaorui Liu, Marco Cason, Marika Martini, Ilaria Rigato, Corinna Brunckhorst, Ruth Biller, Cristina Basso, Bing Yang, Xiaoyan Zhao, Julia Cadrin-Tourigny, Alessio Gasperetti, Cynthia A. James, Xianliang Zhou, Estelle Gandjbakhch, Kalliopi Pilichou, Firat Duru, Shengshou Hu <<<

BACKGROUND: Genetic variants in desmosomal cadherins, desmoglein 2 ( DSG2 ) and desmocollin 2 ( DSC2 ), cause a distinct form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), which remains poorly reported. In this study, we aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the phenotypic expression, natural history, and clinical outcomes of patients with this ARVC subset. METHODS: Genetic and clinical data of DSG2 and DSC2 variant carriers were collected from 5 countries in Europe and Asia. We assessed the phenotypic profile of these patients and their clinical outcomes, focusing on heart failure and ventricular arrhythmia events. RESULTS: Overall, 271 subjects, 254 with DSG2 variants, were included in this study (median age, 38 years [interquartile range, 25–52]; 62.7% male). Of these, 165 were probands, and 200 were diagnosed with definite ARVC. A total of 181 (66.8%) individuals carried missense variants, mainly distributed in the extracellular domains. Notably, we included 78 (28.8%) individuals with multiple variants. Of the 200 cases with diagnosed ARVC, 41 (20.5%) experienced premature cardiac death before the age of 65. Among the 81 individuals for whom both left ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular fractional area change data were available at presentation, 29 (35.8%) had isolated right ventricular dysfunction, and 16 (19.8%) had biventricular dysfunction. Single-variant carriers who engaged in intense physical exercise were younger at disease onset compared with those who did not ( P =0.001). Compared with single-variant carriers, those with multiple variants were more likely to be diagnosed with ARVC (96.2% versus 64.8%; P <0.001) and exhibited more severe left ventricular dysfunction (44.4% versus 22.1%; P =0.001) and right ventricular dilation (88.9% versus 55.8%, P <0.001). Multiple-variant carriers were significantly younger at ARVC diagnosis compared with single-variant carriers (33 [18–49] years versus 42 [27–54] years; P <0.001]. During follow-up, end-stage heart failure ( P <0.001) and malignant ventricular arrhythmias ( P =0.004) were significantly more frequent in multiple-variant compared with single-variant carriers. Compared with PKP2 patients, DSG2/DSC2 patients exhibited a significantly higher risk of end-stage heart failure ( P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ARVC attributable to variants in desmosomal cadherins mostly present with right ventricular or biventricular disease. Multiple variants are common in these patients and are associated with more frequent clinical penetrance, earlier onset of disease, and adverse clinical outcomes. <<<

Abstract Detection dogs are required to search for and alert to specific odours of interest, such as drugs, cadavers, disease markers and explosives. However, the odour released from different samples of the same target substance will vary for a number of reasons, including the production method, evaporation, degradation, or by being mixed with extraneous odours. Generalisation, the tendency to respond in the same manner to stimuli which are different – but similar to – a conditioned stimulus, is therefore a crucial requirement for working detection dogs. Odour is a complex modality which poses unique challenges in terms of reliably predicting generalisation, when compared with auditory or visual stimuli. The primary aim of this review is to explore recent advances in our understanding of generalisation and the factors that influence it, and to consider these in light of detection dog training methods currently used in the field. We identify potential risks associated with certain training practices, and highlight areas where research is lacking and which warrant further investigation. <<<

Jiao Li, Zhiliang Long, Gong-Jun Ji, Shaoqiang Han, Yuan Chen, Guanqun Yao, Yong Xu, Kerang Zhang, Yong Zhang, Jingliang Cheng, Kai Wang, Huafu Chen, Wei Liao <<<

Jiayang Shi, Cuo Mei, Fengyong Ge, Qingliang Hu, Xinwei Ban, Ran Xia, Peiyong Xin, Shujing Cheng, Gaohua Zhang, Jiawei Nie, Shiqi Zhang, Xiaowei Ma, Yi Wang, Jinfang Chu, Yuhang Chen, Bing Wang, Weihua Wu, Jiayang Li, Qi Xie, Feifei Yu <<<

Large Language Models (LLMs) and LLM-based agents show great promise inaccelerating scientific research. Existing benchmarks for measuring thispotential and guiding future development continue to evolve from pure recalland rote knowledge tasks, towards more practical work such as literature reviewand experimental planning. Bioinformatics is a domain where fully autonomousAI-driven discovery may be near, but no extensive benchmarks for measuringprogress have been introduced to date. We therefore present the BioinformaticsBenchmark (BixBench), a dataset comprising over 50 real-world scenarios ofpractical biological data analysis with nearly 300 associated open-answerquestions designed to measure the ability of LLM-based agents to explorebiological datasets, perform long, multi-step analytical trajectories, andinterpret the nuanced results of those analyses. We evaluate the performance oftwo frontier LLMs (GPT-4o and Claude 3.5 Sonnet) using a custom agent frameworkwe open source. We find that even the latest frontier models only achieve 17%accuracy in the open-answer regime, and no better than random in amultiple-choice setting. By exposing the current limitations of frontiermodels, we hope BixBench can spur the development of agents capable ofconducting rigorous bioinformatic analysis and accelerate scientific discovery. <<<

Image inversion is a fundamental task in generative models, aiming to mapimages back to their latent representations to enable downstream applicationssuch as editing, restoration, and style transfer. This paper provides acomprehensive review of the latest advancements in image inversion techniques,focusing on two main paradigms: Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) inversionand diffusion model inversion. We categorize these techniques based on theiroptimization methods. For GAN inversion, we systematically classify existingmethods into encoder-based approaches, latent optimization approaches, andhybrid approaches, analyzing their theoretical foundations, technicalinnovations, and practical trade-offs. For diffusion model inversion, weexplore training-free strategies, fine-tuning methods, and the design ofadditional trainable modules, highlighting their unique advantages andlimitations. Additionally, we discuss several popular downstream applicationsand emerging applications beyond image tasks, identifying current challengesand future research directions. By synthesizing the latest developments, thispaper aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a valuable referenceresource, promoting further advancements in the field of image inversion. Wekeep track of the latest works at https://github.com/RyanChenYN/ImageInversion <<<

Clare Puttick, Thomas P. Jones, Michelle M. Leung, Felipe Galvez-Cancino, Jiali Liu, Manuel Varas-Godoy, Andrew Rowan, Oriol Pich, Carlos Martinez-Ruiz, Robert Bentham, Krijn K. Dijkstra, James R. M. Black, Rachel Rosenthal, Nnennaya Kanu, Kevin Litchfield, Roberto Salgado, David A. Moore, Peter Van Loo, Mariam Jamal-Hanjani, Sergio A. Quezada, , Heather Cheyne, Mohammed Khalil, Shirley Richardson, Tracey Cruickshank, Eric Lim, Hugo J. W. L. Aerts, Tom L. Kaufmann, Matthew R. Huska, Babu Naidu, Gareth A. Wilson, Rachel Rosenthal, Andrew Rowan, Chris Bailey, Claudia Lee, Emma Colliver, Katey S. S. Enfield, Mark S. Hill, Mihaela Angelova, Oriol Pich, Dhruva Biswas, Clare Puttick, Roberto Vendramin, Cian Murphy, Maria Zagorulya, Thomas P. Jones, Michelle M. Leung, Nicholas McGranahan, Carla Castignani, Elizabeth Larose Cadieux, Jeanette Kittel, Kerstin Haase, Kexin Koh, Rachel Scott, Gurdeep Matharu, Jacqui A. Shaw, Allan Hackshaw, Camilla Pilotti, Rachel Leslie, Anne-Marie Hacker, Sean Smith, Aoife Walker, Christopher Abbosh, Corentin Richard, Cristina Naceur-Lombardelli, Francisco Gimeno-Valiente, Krupa Thakkar, Mariana Werner Sunderland, Monica Sivakumar, Nnennaya Kanu, Ieva Usaite, Sadegh Saghafinia, Selvaraju Veeriah, Sharon Vanloo, Bushra Mussa, Michalina Magala, Elizabeth Keene, Emilia L. Lim, James R. sM Black, Maise Al Bakir, Ariana Huebner, Kristiana Grigoriadis, Takahiro Karasaki, Alexander M. Frankell, Crispin T. Hiley, Sophia Ward, Sian Harries, Olivia Lucas, David A. Moore, Nicolai J. Birkbak, Carlos Martínez-Ruiz, Kerstin Thol, Robert Bentham, Wing Kin Liu, Abigail Bunkum, Sonya Hessey, Martin D. Forster, Siow Ming Lee, Mariam Jamal-Hanjani, Despoina Karagianni, Sergio A. Quezada, Supreet Kaur Bola, Kevin Litchfield, Charles Swanton, John Le Quesne, Khalid AbdulJabbar, Catarina Veiga, Simone Zaccaria, Jonathan Tugwood, Caroline Dive, Zoltan Szallasi, Miklos Diossy, Teresa Marafioti, Elaine Borg, Mary Falzon, Reena Khiroya, Peter Van Loo, Karl S. Peggs, Gillian Price, Gary Royle, Charles-Antoine Collins-Fekete, Dionysis Papadatos-Pastos, James Wilson, Tanya Ahmad, Sarah Benafif, Judith Cave, Keith M. Kerr, Thomas B. K. Watkins, Roberto Salgado, Alexander James Procter, Asia Ahmed, Magali N. Taylor, Arjun Nair, David Lawrence, Davide Patrini, Colin R. Lindsay, Fiona H. Blackhall, Yvonne Summers, Matthew G. Krebs, Emma Nye, Richard Kevin Stone, Hanyun Zhang, Jerome Nicod, Alan Kirk, Mo Asif, Rocco Bilancia, Nikos Kostoulas, Jennifer Whiteley, Mathew Thomas, Akshay J. Patel, David Chuter, Mairead MacKenzie, Roland F. Schwarz, Andrew Kidd, Francesco Fraioli, Paul Ashford, Zoltan Kaplar, Jonas Demeulemeester, Claire Wilson, Michael J. Shackcloth, Sam M. Janes, Neal Navani, Ricky M. Thakrar, Angela Leek, Jack Davies Hodgkinson, Nicola Totton, Antonio Paiva-Correia, Stephan Beck, Miljana Tanic, Craig Dick, Lily Robinson, Peter Russell, Paulo De Sousa, Simon Jordan, Alexandra Rice, Hilgardt Raubenheimer, Harshil Bhayani, Lyn Ambrose, Anand Devaraj, Hemangi Chavan, Sofina Begum, Silviu I. Buderi, Daniel Kaniu, Mpho Malima, Sarah Booth, Nadia Fernandes, Pratibha Shah, Chiara Proli, Andrew G. Nicholson, Ekaterini Boleti, Madeleine Hewish, Kevin G. Blyth, Jason F. Lester, Anshuman Chaturvedi, Pedro Oliveira, Katherine D. Brown, Mathew Carter, Alastair Magness, Clare E. Weeden, Eva Grönroos, Jacki Goldman, Mickael Escudero, Philip Hobson, Stefan Boeing, Tamara Denner, Vittorio Barbè, Wei-Ting Lu, William Hill, Yutaka Naito, Zoe Ramsden, George Kassiotis, Imran Noorani, Anca Grapa, Aiman Alzetani, Yinyin Yuan, Xiaoxi Pan, Jack French, Kayleigh Gilbert, Angela Dwornik, Angeliki Karamani, Benny Chain, David R. Pearce, Felip Gálvez-Cancino, Georgia Stavrou, Gerasimos-Theodoros Mastrokalos, Helen L. Lowe, Ignacio Garcia Matos, James L. Reading, John A. Hartley, Kayalvizhi Selvaraju, Kezhong Chen, Leah Ensell, Mansi Shah, Maria Litovchenko, Piotr Pawlik, Samuel Gamble, Seng Kuong Anakin Ung, Victoria Spanswick, Yin Wu, Jayant K. Rane, Othman Al-Sawaf, Olga Chervova, Emilie Martinoni Hoogenboom, Fleur Monk, James W. Holding, Junaid Choudhary, Kunal Bhakhri, Pat Gorman, Robert C. M. Stephens, Maria Chiara Pisciella, Steve Bandula, Yien Ning Sophia Wong, Aya Osman, Mandeesh Sangha, Gerald Langman, Helen Shackleford, Madava Djearaman, Gary Middleton, Serena Chee, Patricia Georg, Amrita Bajaj, Apostolos Nakas, Azmina Sodha-Ramdeen, Mohamad Tufail, Molly Scotland, Rebecca Boyles, Sridhar Rathinam, Domenic Marrone, Sean Dulloo, Dean A. Fennell, Sarah Danson, Elaine Smith, Eustace Fontaine, Felice Granato, Juliette Novasio, Kendadai Rammohan, Leena Joseph, Paul Bishop, Rajesh Shah, Vijay Joshi, Philip Crosbie, Charles Swanton, Nicholas McGranahan <<<

AbstractDisruption of the class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules has important implications for immune evasion and tumor evolution. We developed major histocompatibility complex loss of heterozygosity (LOH), allele-specific mutation and measurement of expression and repression (MHC Hammer). We identified extensive variability in HLA allelic expression and pervasive HLA alternative splicing in normal lung and breast tissue. In lung TRACERx and lung and breast TCGA cohorts, 61% of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), 76% of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and 35% of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers harbored class I HLA transcriptional repression, while HLA tumor-enriched alternative splicing occurred in 31%, 11% and 15% of LUAD, LUSC and ER+ cancers. Consistent with the importance of HLA dysfunction in tumor evolution, in LUADs, HLA LOH was associated with metastasis and LUAD primary tumor regions seeding a metastasis had a lower effective neoantigen burden than non-seeding regions. These data highlight the extent and importance of HLA transcriptomic disruption, including repression and alternative splicing in cancer evolution. <<<

Abstract Accurate prediction of enzyme kinetic parameters is crucial for enzyme exploration and modification. Existing models face the problem of either low accuracy or poor generalization ability due to overfitting. In this work, we first developed unbiased datasets to evaluate the actual performance of these methods and proposed a deep learning model, CataPro, based on pre-trained models and molecular fingerprints to predict turnover number (k c a t ), Michaelis constant (K m ), and catalytic efficiency (k c a t /K m ). Compared with previous baseline models, CataPro demonstrates clearly enhanced accuracy and generalization ability on the unbiased datasets. In a representational enzyme mining project, by combining CataPro with traditional methods, we identified an enzyme (SsCSO) with 19.53 times increased activity compared to the initial enzyme (CSO2) and then successfully engineered it to improve its activity by 3.34 times. This reveals the high potential of CataPro as an effective tool for future enzyme discovery and modification. <<<

AbstractMulti‐omics usually refers to the crossover application of multiple high‐throughput screening technologies represented by genomics, transcriptomics, single‐cell transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, spatial transcriptomics, and so on, which play a great role in promoting the study of human diseases. Most of the current reviews focus on describing the development of multi‐omics technologies, data integration, and application to a particular disease; however, few of them provide a comprehensive and systematic introduction of multi‐omics. This review outlines the existing technical categories of multi‐omics, cautions for experimental design, focuses on the integrated analysis methods of multi‐omics, especially the approach of machine learning and deep learning in multi‐omics data integration and the corresponding tools, and the application of multi‐omics in medical researches (e.g., cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and drug target discovery) as well as the corresponding open‐source analysis tools and databases, and finally, discusses the challenges and future directions of multi‐omics integration and application in precision medicine. With the development of high‐throughput technologies and data integration algorithms, as important directions of multi‐omics for future disease research, single‐cell multi‐omics and spatial multi‐omics also provided a detailed introduction. This review will provide important guidance for researchers, especially who are just entering into multi‐omics medical research. <<<

ABSTRACTHow the prefrontal cortex contributes to working memory remains controversial, as theories differ in their emphasis on its role in storing memories versus controlling their content. To adjudicate between these competing ideas, we tested how perturbations to the human (both sexes) lateral prefrontal cortex impact the storage and control aspects of working memory during a task that requires human subjects to allocate resources to memory items based on their behavioral priority. Our computational model made a strong prediction that disruption of this control process would counterintuitively improve memory for low-priority items. Remarkably, transcranial magnetic stimulation of retinotopically-defined superior precentral sulcus, but not intraparietal sulcus, unbalanced the prioritization of resources, improving memory for low-priority items as predicted by the model. Therefore, these results provide direct causal support for models in which the prefrontal cortex controls the allocation of resources that support working memory, rather than simply storing the features of memoranda.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlthough higher-order cognition depends on working memory, the resources that support our memory are severely limited in capacity. To mitigate this limitation, we allocate memory resources according to the behavioral relevance of items. Nonetheless, the neural basis of these abilities remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a region in lateral prefrontal cortex controls prioritization in working memory. Indeed, perturbing this region with transcranial magnetic stimulation disrupted the prioritization of working memory resources. Our results provide causal evidence for the hypothesis that prefrontal cortex primarily controls the allocation of memory resources, rather than storing the contents of working memory. <<<