Yunfan Sun, Pin Wu, Zefan Zhang, Zejian Wang, Kaiqian Zhou, Minfang Song, Yuan Ji, Fenglin Zang, Limu Lou, Keqiang Rao, Pengxiang Wang, Yutong Gu, Jie Gu, Binbin Lu, Limeng Chen, Xiuqi Pan, Xiaojing Zhao, Lihua Peng, Dongbing Liu, Xiaofang Chen, Kui Wu, Penghui Lin, Liang Wu, Yulin Su, Min Du, Yingyong Hou, Xinrong Yang, Shuangjian Qiu, Yinghong Shi, Huichuan Sun, Jian Zhou, Xingxu Huang, David H Peng, Liye Zhang, Jia Fan <<<

Comprehensive molecular analyses of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are lacking. Here, we generate multi-omic profiling of 257 primary and 176 metastatic regions from 182 HCC patients. Primary tumors rich in hypoxia signatures facilitated polyclonal dissemination. Genomic divergence between primary and metastatic HCC is high, and early dissemination is prevalent. The remarkable neoantigen intratumor heterogeneity observed in metastases is associated with decreased T cell reactivity, resulting from disruptions to neoantigen presentation. We identify somatic copy number alterations as highly selected events driving metastasis. Subclones without Wnt mutations show a stronger selective advantage for metastasis than those with Wnt mutations and are characterized by a microenvironment rich in activated fibroblasts favoring a pro-metastatic phenotype. Finally, metastases without Wnt mutations exhibit higher enrichment of immunosuppressive B cells that mediate terminal exhaustion of CD8 T cells via HLA-E:CD94-NKG2A checkpoint axis. Collectively, our results provide a multi-dimensional dissection of the complex evolutionary process of metastasis. <<<