笑对人生
(2023-02-26 23:52):
#paper doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.001. Epub 2017 Oct 26. McGranahan N, et al. Allele-Specific HLA Loss and Immune Escape in Lung Cancer Evolution. Cell. 2017 Nov 30;171(6):1259-1271.e11.
背景:CD8+ T细胞在机体内的杀伤肿瘤的免疫应答起到至关重要的作用。肿瘤细胞表面的肿瘤抗原并不能直接激活CD8+ T细胞,而必须经抗原提呈细胞(APC)摄入后加工成短肽,并通过表面的MHC-I类分子呈递至CD8+ T细胞。因此,MHC-抗原肽-TCR复合物的形成是CD8+ T细胞激活肿瘤免疫杀伤的关键一步(后续还需要有共刺激分子提供的第二信号,例如CD28)。人类组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)是一组编码动物主要组织相容性抗原基因群的统称。人类白细胞抗原(human leucocyte antigen,HLA)是MHC的表达产物。HLA I类分子存在于所有有核细胞(含血小板和网织红细胞)表面。过去的研究表明,HLA的杂合性缺失(loss of heterozygosity in human leukocyte antigen ,LOHHLA)会影响T细胞的肿瘤抗原识别,导致肿瘤免疫逃逸。人体大部分细胞都含有两套HLA分子编码基因,它们分别来自父本和母本,如果HLA发生LOH,则意味着其中一套的编码基因可能发生完全或部分丢失。每个人的基因组包含多达6种不同HLA I类分子的等位基因,它们由三个基因(HLA-A,HLA-B和HLA-C)编码,位于6号染色体上。
研究内容:本研究开发一个基于高通量测序数据,专门计算HLA等位基因拷贝数变化,用于发现HLA的LOH的计算工具,名为LOHHLA。LOHHLA的主要分析流程包括:(1)从来自肿瘤和正常对照的样本的bam文件中提取HLA区域的reads,并转换成fastq文件。(2)将提取的reads重新比对到多个HLA等位基因区域,利用OptiType或Polysolver进行HLA分型。利用samtools计算mpileup,每一个比对位点的覆盖深度。(3)根据每个位点的测序深度的不同,确定同源HLA等位基因的多态性位点(call SNP)。(4)获取HLA等位基因区域的logR(tumor/normal coverage ratio,肿瘤组织和正常组织深度的比值)和BAF(类似VAF,对于每个多态性位点,HLA allele 1深度/(HLA allel1深度+HLA allel2))。(5)在考虑肿瘤纯度和倍性的情况下,对每个HLA基因计算HLA等位基因拷贝数变化。
本文应用该工具,在来自TRACERx队列的90位早期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLCs)患者中,发现40%(36/90)的患者存在HLA的LOH。进一步地,这些HLA的LOH与亚克隆新抗原负荷升高、APOBEC介导的体细胞突变产生、毒性T细胞活性增加以及肿瘤PD-L1表达阳性相关。
Allele-Specific HLA Loss and Immune Escape in Lung Cancer Evolution
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Abstract:
Immune evasion is a hallmark of cancer. Losing the ability to present neoantigens through human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loss may facilitate immune evasion. However, the polymorphic nature of the locus has precluded accurate HLA copy-number analysis. Here, we present loss of heterozygosity in human leukocyte antigen (LOHHLA), a computational tool to determine HLA allele-specific copy number from sequencing data. Using LOHHLA, we find that HLA LOH occurs in 40% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and is associated with a high subclonal neoantigen burden, APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis, upregulation of cytolytic activity, and PD-L1 positivity. The focal nature of HLA LOH alterations, their subclonal frequencies, enrichment in metastatic sites, and occurrence as parallel events suggests that HLA LOH is an immune escape mechanism that is subject to strong microenvironmental selection pressures later in tumor evolution. Characterizing HLA LOH with LOHHLA refines neoantigen prediction and may have implications for our understanding of resistance mechanisms and immunotherapeutic approaches targeting neoantigens. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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