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LXJ
(2023-02-28 21:22):
#paper DOI : 10.3390/vaccines11020408
Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms 2019年冠状病毒（新冠肺炎）大流行是由一种ssRNA严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引起的。然而，其他人类冠状病毒（hCoV）也存在。历史上的大流行病包括天花和流感，通过有效地针对宿主免疫系统的反应，利用有效的治疗方法来减轻总体疾病负担。免疫系统由初级/次级淋巴结构组成，最初有八种免疫细胞类型，以及许多其他亚型，利用细胞信号级联穿过细胞膜，有助于清除致病蛋白。讨论的其他蛋白质包括分化簇（CD）标记物、主要组织相容性复合物（MHC）、多效性白细胞介素（IL）和趋化因子（CXC）。宿主免疫的历史概念是先天和适应性免疫系统。适应性免疫系统由T细胞、B细胞和抗体代表。先天免疫系统由巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞和补体系统组成。其他病毒可以影响和调节细胞周期进展，例如，在包括人乳头瘤病毒（HPV：宫颈癌）、EB病毒（EBV：淋巴瘤）、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎（HB/HC：肝细胞癌）和人T细胞白血病病毒-1（T细胞白血病）的癌症中。细菌感染也会增加患癌症的风险（例如幽门螺杆菌）。病毒和细菌因素可导致发病率和死亡率，并通过影响宿主免疫反应在临床和社区环境中传播。因此，将单细胞测序的进展与其他实验室技术结合起来，有助于深入了解免疫细胞特征。这些发展提供了与自身免疫性疾病重叠的更好的清晰度和理解，这些疾病可能受到先天性B细胞（B1+或边缘区细胞）或对SARS-CoV-2感染和其他病理的适应性T细胞反应的影响。因此，这篇综述首先介绍了宿主呼吸道感染，然后检查了宝贵的细胞信使蛋白和个体免疫细胞标记物。
Abstract:
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include …
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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., ). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1 or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.
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