来自杂志 Journal of hazardous materials 的文献。
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小擎子
(2024-02-29 22:29):
#paper doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122969 J Hazard Mater, 2022, Microplastics in take-out food containers。论文研究了中国五个城市常用的4种外卖的塑料包装（PP、PE、PS、PET）在不同情况下的微塑料释放情况。预实验发现，四种处理（直接冲洗、热水浸泡后冲洗、微波加热1分钟后冲洗、冷藏后冲洗6h）中PP容器的微塑料丰度没有显著差异。正式实验中，采用直接冲洗和热水浸泡后冲洗两种处理方法分别模拟从外卖容器中取食和外卖送餐过程（热水处理并摇晃），PET因为遇热会变形没有进行热水处理。PP、PE和PS三种材质在两种处理后，总微塑料丰度没有显著差异。通过扫描电镜观察，热水处理后，PP、PE和PS均有表层变化，PE（类似一般纸杯，纸上喷涂膜）观察到喷涂膜分离。因为一直担心外卖的塑料容器会不会增加微塑料摄入量，所以看了下这篇文献，实验过程较为严谨，包括中间对空气进行了把控，也进行了空白对照实验。不过我认为这篇论文的实验并没有看到不同处理导致更多剥离微塑料的结果，相反，各种处理观察到的微塑料丰度均差不多。其中微塑料含量丰度最高的PS材质（很久以前常见的发泡塑料饭盒），我查百度百科据说也是国家禁用了。当然作者怀疑热水处理导致材质表面的变化，虽然没有释放出更多微塑料，但也可能会释放出更多的添加剂。我认为比较意外的一点是，在显微观察微塑料时，认为材质和颜色与容器相同的是剥落微塑料，其他则不是，其他认为可能是空气来源微塑料（我理解虽然实验过程中没有引入，但是制作这些外卖容器中引入了）。这些空气来源微塑料占了总微塑料的含量的70%，包括聚酯、尼龙、腈纶和人造丝。作者认为通过外卖食品容器摄入微塑料，一个来源是容器本身，另一个是大气沉降。因为比较好奇热水、摇晃、微波和冷藏是否会导致更多的微塑料释放，看这篇文献，作者用PP容器实验，在微塑料丰度上看是没有影响的。除了PP容器外，其他三类（PET、PS、PE）都不适合微波或低温保存，但是我们日常生活中不一定能都按照规则使用这些材质。包括油是否对微塑料有富集，这篇文献也考虑了油的特殊性，但是只能未来做实验再看了（之前看文献报告橄榄油可以富集微塑料）。我比较担心一般纸杯装可乐的影响（常见的快餐饮料包装），这个只能之后再查查了。另外，微塑料污染被世卫组织列为第二大危机（第一是气候变化）。我观察到有些商家推出一些产品，比如排塑益生菌，据说可以排出百分之多少吃入的微塑料，我对此也比较怀疑（毕竟吃进去的大部分也会进入粪便、能否拦阻微塑料进入血液、拦阻能穿过血脑屏障的这些微塑料），需要再看实验和数据考证。
IF:12.200Q1
Journal of hazardous materials,
2020-11-15.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122969
PMID: 32526446
Abstract:
Microplastics have been detected in various media including water, sediment, and seafood, whereas there are few studies focusing on microplastics in take-out containers. In this study, we collected take-out containers …
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Microplastics have been detected in various media including water, sediment, and seafood, whereas there are few studies focusing on microplastics in take-out containers. In this study, we collected take-out containers made of common polymer materials (polypropylene, PP; polystyrene, PS; polyethylene, PE; polyethylene terephthalate, PET) from five cities in China. Microplastics in the containers were analyzed after different treatments (direct flushing and flushing after immersing with hot water). Our results showed that microplastics were found in all take-out containers and abundance ranged from 3 to 29 items/container. The highest abundance occurred in PS containers with rough surface. The polymer types of some detected particles were the same as those of original containers, accounting for 30% of the total microplastics; other types included polyester, rayon, acrylic, and nylon. Treating the containers with hot water did not influence microplastic abundance. Our study indicates that microplastics in take-out containers come from atmospheric fallout and flakes from container's inner surfaces. Under slight mechanical force, loose structure and rough surface of PS containers can flake off microplastics, entering water more easily. Based on the microplastic abundance in take-out containers, people who order take-out food 4-7 times weekly may ingest 12-203 pieces of microplastics through containers.
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